Welcome to this comprehensive guide on degenerative myelopathy, a condition that has perplexed and concerned dog owners for years. If you’re a pet parent, particularly of breeds predisposed to this ailment, understanding this complex disease is not just beneficial – it’s essential.

In this article, we will explore the intricacies of degenerative myelopathy, from its early symptoms to the latest treatment options. Our aim is to equip you with the knowledge you need to manage this condition effectively, enhancing not just your pet’s quality of life, but also your peace of mind. Keep reading to learn more.

What is degenerative myelopathy in dogs?

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that targets the spinal cord in canines. The condition leads to a gradual loss of motor functions, starting typically in the hind limbs and advancing toward more severe symptoms over time. It is worth noting that DM is often compared to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, in humans due to the similarity in the degenerative process affecting the motor neurons.

Commonly Affected Breeds

While degenerative myelopathy has the potential to affect dogs across all breeds, from small to large breed dogs, certain breeds exhibit a higher predisposition to this condition. German Shepherds, Boxers, and Pembroke Welsh Corgis are among the breeds most commonly diagnosed with DM.

Additionally, breeds such as Bernese Mountain Dogs, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Standard Poodles have also been reported to be at a higher risk.

It is crucial for owners of these breeds to be particularly vigilant for early signs of DM.

Causes of Degenerative Myelopathy

Understanding the underlying causes of DM is pivotal for both prevention and management. While the exact cause is not yet fully understood, a combination of factors are believed to contribute to this complex condition. Further research is needed to fully understand the multifactorial nature of DM and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Genetic Factors

One of the most significant contributors thought to cause DM is genetic predisposition. Research has identified a specific gene mutation, known as the SOD1 gene mutation, which is strongly associated with the onset of DM in certain breeds. Dogs that inherit two copies of this mutated gene (one from each parent) are at a higher risk of developing the condition.

Genetic testing for the SOD1 gene mutation may be recommended for dogs showing signs of DM, especially for breeds known to be predisposed to DM. However, it’s crucial to note that a positive genetic test is not definitive proof of the disease but rather an indicator of increased risk. Not all dogs with the genetic mutation will necessarily have symptoms, indicating that other factors may also play a role.

Environmental Factors

Although less substantiated than genetic factors, environmental influences may also play a role in the onset and progression of DM. Factors such as diet, exercise, and exposure to certain environmental toxins have been speculated to contribute to the disease, although definitive evidence is lacking.

Signs & Symptoms of Degenerative Myelopathy

Understanding the clinical signs and symptoms of DM, along with their typical progression is essential for early diagnosis and effective management of degenerative myelopathy. If you notice any of these signs in your dog, especially if they belong to a breed that is predisposed to DM, consult a vet for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis.

Early Signs

The first signs of DM can be subtle and easily missed, often dismissed as mere signs of ageing or temporary discomfort. However, as the disease progresses, there may be more noticeable symptoms such as:

• Loss of Coordination: One of the earliest indicators is a noticeable loss of coordination in the hind limbs.
• Stumbling and Dragging: Affected dogs may stumble frequently and drag their feet, particularly when walking.
• Unsteady Gait: An unsteady or wobbly gait is another common early symptom to look out for.
• Difficulty in Rising: Dogs may struggle to rise from a sitting or lying position, indicating rear limb weakness.
• Struggles with Physical Tasks: Tasks that require rear limb strength, such as climbing stairs, may become increasingly difficult for the dog.
• Activity-Related Symptoms: These early signs are often more noticeable during physical activities like walks and may improve with rest.

By being vigilant about these early signs, especially during physical activities, dog owners can seek timely veterinary intervention for a more effective management of degenerative myelopathy.

Progression

As DM advances, the symptoms become more pronounced and debilitating. The loss of coordination in the hind limbs progresses to significant muscle weakness and atrophy, leading to frequent falls and difficulty in standing unassisted. Eventually, this can escalate to partial or complete paralysis of the hind limbs.

Urinary and faecal incontinence is another symptom that may develop as the disease progresses. Initially, this may manifest as occasional ‘accidents’ or dribbling of urine but can advance to full loss of bladder and bowel control.

Severe mobility issues are also a sign of advanced DM. At this stage, affected dogs may be unable to walk or stand without assistance. Mobility aids such as harnesses or wheelchairs may become necessary to help the dog move around.

It’s worth noting that while DM is a progressive disease, the rate of progression can vary widely among individual dogs. Some may experience a rapid decline over a few months, while others may show a much slower progression over several years.

Seeking a Diagnosis

The importance of having degenerative myelopathy diagnosed accurately cannot be overstated, as several other spinal and neurological conditions can present with similar symptoms to DM. Conditions such as intervertebral disc disease, spinal tumours, and certain infections may mimic DM symptoms but are often treatable, making it imperative to consult a veterinarian for a thorough evaluation. In complex cases, a referral to a veterinary neurologist may be advised for more advanced diagnostic procedures and a second opinion.

Treatment Options

 

While there is currently no definitive cure for canine degenerative myelopathy, various treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected dogs. However, it’s important to consult with a qualified veterinarian in order to first diagnose degenerative myelopathy, then discuss treatment options and personalised medical advice for your pet.

1. Stem Cell Therapy: Emerging as a groundbreaking treatment option in veterinary medicine, stem cell therapy offers hope for conditions like arthritis, hip dysplasia, and elbow dysplasia as well as other forms of arthritis. Stem cells have the potential to regenerate damaged tissues. There are some limited reports of stem cell therapy in degenerative myelopathy. The cells are grown from material collected via a surgical procedure. To have the best chance of success, the stem cells must be injected around your dog’s spinal cord. This experimental treatment has not yet been proven to be effective. 
2. Medication and Supplements: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as corticosteroids, may be prescribed to reduce inflammation in the spinal cord, although their efficacy in altering the course of DM is limited. Antioxidants and vitamin supplements like Vitamin E and B-complex are also sometimes recommended to support nerve function. It’s crucial to consult a veterinarian for a tailored medication regimen, as improper use of medication can lead to adverse effects.
3. Physiotherapy: Physiotherapy for dogs can play a helpful role in managing DM symptoms by maintaining muscle mass and improving mobility. Exercises designed to improve coordination and strength can be beneficial, as can hydrotherapy sessions that allow the dog to move in a buoyant environment, reducing stress on the joints and muscles. Regular physiotherapy can prolong the period during which a dog with DM remains mobile, and physical therapy is really the only therapy to have been shown to be helpful in Degenerative Myelopathy. Intensity and frequency are important as more rigorous programs have better results in dogs. To get the maximal benefit a program of exercise recommended by a Veterinary physiotherapist is advised.  
4. Mobility Aids: As DM progresses, mobility aids such as harnesses, slings, and canine wheelchairs can become invaluable in helping your dog maintain independence. These aids are designed to support the dog’s hindquarters, making it easier for them to move around, go for walks, and engage in some form of physical activity.
5. Acupuncture: Some dog owners have turned to acupuncture for dogs as a complementary treatment for DM. While scientific evidence is limited, anecdotal reports suggest that acupuncture may help improve mobility and reduce muscle atrophy. It’s thought to work by stimulating specific points on the body to release endorphins, which can help manage pain and inflammation.

Final Thoughts

Navigating the complexities of degenerative myelopathy is undoubtedly challenging. However, advances in stem cell research and supportive care options may in the future make it feasible to enhance the quality of life for affected canines. Consultation with a qualified veterinarian for a diagnosis and tailored treatment plan is strongly advised. 

Contact our vets at Stem Cell Vet today to learn more about stem cell therapy.