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Featured publication

Stem cells in canine osteoarthritis

Companion animal publication image

Part 1: sources, effects and modes of action

 

Companion Animal. Vol 30 Mar 2025

Stewart M Halperin BVMS MRCVS ACIARB.

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Part 2: case selections, choices, guidelines and outcomes

Companion Animal. Vol 30 Apr 2025

Stewart M Halperin BVMS MRCVS ACIARB.

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Part 3: clinical evidence and practical considerations

Companion Animal. Vol 30 May 2025

Stewart M Halperin BVMS MRCVS ACIARB.

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Administration of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue at the hip joint of dogs with osteoarthritis: A systematic review

Res Vet Sci. 2021 Mar;135:495-503. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.014. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33280823.
Olsson DC, Teixeira BL, Jeremias TDS, Réus JC, De Luca Canto G, Porporatti AL, Trentin AG.

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Assessment of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic dogs using a double blinded force platform analysis

BMC Vet Res. 2014 Jul 1;10:143. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-143. PMID: 24984756; PMCID: PMC4085658.Vilar JM, Batista M, Morales M, Santana A, Cuervo B, Rubio M, Cugat R, Sopena J, Carrillo JM.

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Effect of intraarticular inoculation of mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with hip osteoarthritis by means of objective force platform gait analysis: concordance with numeric subjective

Vilar, J. M., Cuervo, B., Rubio, M., et al. (2016)

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Acupoint injection of autologous stromal vascular fraction and allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells to treat hip dysplasia in dogs

Stem Cells International 2014, 391274. Marx, C., Silveira, M. D., Selbach, I., et al. (2014)

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Hip osteoarthritis in dogs: a randomized study using mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and plasma rich in growth factors

International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, 13437-13460. Cuervo, B., Rubio, M., Sopena, J., et al. (2014)

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The use of canine mesenchymal stem cells for the autologous treatment of osteoarthritis

Acta Veterinaria. Srzentić Dražilov, S., Mrkovački, J., Spasovski, V., et al. (2018)

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Blinded placebo study of bilateral osteoarthritis treatment using adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells

Slovenian Veterinary Research 53(3), 167-174.Mohoric, L., Zorko, B., Ceh, K., et al. (2016)

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Efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stromal cell treatment for chronic degenerative musculoskeletal conditions in dogs: A retrospective study

Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1014687.
Armitage AJ, Miller JM, Sparks TH, Georgiou AE, Reid J. 2023.

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Characterization and therapeutic application of canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells to treat elbow osteoarthritis

Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 81, 73-78.Kriston-Pál, É., Czibula, Á., Gyuris, Z., et al. (2017)

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Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial

Vet. Therap.(2007). L. Black et al.

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All publications

  1. Anderson, K.L., O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C. et al.
    Prevalence, duration and risk factors for appendicular osteoarthritis in a UK dog population under primary veterinary care
    Sci Rep 8, 5641 (2018).
  2. Pye, C., Bruniges, N., Peffers, M., Comerford, E.
    Advances in the pharmaceutical treatment options for canine osteoarthritis
    J Small Anim Pract 2022 Oct;63(10):721-738.
  3. AIM-OA
    AIM-OA
  4. Canine Arthritis Management
    Canine Arthritis Management
  5. Neural Derivates of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Like Cells From a Mild Cognitive Impairment Dog
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Volume 8, 2021
  6. Pérez-Merino, E.M. et al.
    Safety and efficacy of allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical and laboratory outcomes
    The Veterinary Journal, Volume 206, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 385-390.
  7. Villatoro, A.J. et al.
    Allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in dogs with refractory atopic dermatitis: clinical efficacy and safety
    Veterinary Record, 183: 654-654 (2018).
  8. Caplan, A.I.
    Mesenchymal stem cells
    J. Orthop. Res. 9: 641-650 (1991).
  9. Scharstuhl, A. et al.
    Chondrogenic potential of human adult mesenchymal stem cells is independent of age or osteoarthritis etiology
    Stem Cells 25, 3244-3251 (2007).
  10. Tofiño-Vian, M. et al.
    Extracellular vesicles: a new therapeutic strategy for joint conditions
    Biochemical Pharmacology 153, 134-146 (2018).
  11. Phinney, D. G. & Pittenger, M. F.
    Concise review: MSC-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy
    Stem Cells 35, 851-858 (2017).
  12. Mocchi, M. et al.
    Veterinary regenerative medicine for musculoskeletal disorders: can mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their secretome be the new frontier?
    Cell 9(6), 1453 (2020).
  13. Najar, M. et al.
    Adipose-tissue-derived and Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells suppress lymphocyte responses by secreting leukemia inhibitory factor
    Tissue Eng Part A 16 (11), 3537-3546 (2010).
  14. Caplan, A. I.
    Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the name!
    Stem Cells Translational Medicine 6, 1445-1451 (2017).
  15. Harman, R. et al.
    A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Study of Intraarticular Allogeneic Adipose Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 3, 16 (2016).
  16. Daems, R. et al.
    A feasibility study on the use of equine chondrogenic induced mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for natural occurring osteoarthritis in dogs
    Stem Cells International 2019, 4587594.
  17. Screven, R. et al.
    Immunophenotype and gene expression profile of mesenchymal stem cells derived from canine adipose tissue and bone marrow
    Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 161, 21-31 (2014).
  18. Zhu, Y. et al.
    Adipose-derived stem cell: a better stem cell than BMSC
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 26, 664-675 (2008).
  19. Voga, M. et al.
    Stem cells in veterinary medicine-current state and treatment options
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, 278 (2020).
  20. Freeman-Mills, G., Corr, S. A.
    Investigating swollen joints in dogs and cats
    Published Online: 5 Aug 2024.
  21. McDougall, R. A., Canapp, S. O., Canapp, D. A.
    Ultrasonographic Findings in 41 Dogs Treated with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Platelet-Rich Plasma for a Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: A Retrospective Study
    Front Vet Sci 5, 98 (2018).
  22. Canapp, S. O. Jr et al.
    The Use of Adipose-Derived Progenitor Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination for the Treatment of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in 55 Dogs: A Retrospective Study
    Front Vet Sci 3, 61 (2016).
  23. Carr, B. J. et al.
    Canine Platelet-Rich Plasma Systems: A Prospective Analysis
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2, 2016.
  24. Canapp et al.
    Partial Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tears Treated with Stem Cell and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination Therapy in 36 Dogs: A Retrospective Study
    Front Vet Sci 3, 2016.
  25. Linon, E. et al.
    Engraftment of autologous bone marrow cells into the injured cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
    Vet J 202(3), 448-854 (2014).
  26. Sok, D. et al.
    NSAIDs Reduce Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in a Rodent Model of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
    Am J Sports Med. 2022 Apr;50(5):1389-1398.
  27. Amaroli, A. et al.
    Steering the multipotent mesenchymal cells towards an anti-inflammatory and osteogenic bias via photobiomodulation therapy: How to kill two birds with one stone
    J Tissue Eng. (2022) 13:20417314221110192.
  28. Humenik, F. et al.
    Comparative study of canine mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different sources
    Animals. (2022) 12:1502.
  29. Skangals, U.
    Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Elbow Joint Osteoarthritis in Dogs
    European Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2(3), 1–8 (2022).
  30. Reid, J.
    Osteoarthritis in companion animals: the role of the veterinary team, Measuring quality of life in dogs and cats with osteoarthritis
    29 Aug 2024.
  31. Vilar, J. M. et al.
    Assessment of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic dogs using a double blinded force platform analysis
    BMC Vet Res. 2014 Jul 1;10:143.
  32. Gooch, A. et al.
    Interim report on the effective intraperitoneal therapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in pet dogs using “Neo-Islets,” aggregates of adipose stem and pancreatic islet cells (INAD 012-776)
    PLoS ONE. (2019) 14:e0218688.
  33. Spees, J. L. et al.
    Mitochondrial transfer between cells can rescue aerobic respiration
    Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2006) 103:1283–8.
  34. Penn, M. S.
    SDF-1: CXCR4 axis is fundamental for tissue preservation and repair
    Am J Pathol. (2010) 177:2166–8.
  35. Abe, T. et al.
    Bone regeneration in a canine model of artificial jaw cleft using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and carbonate hydroxyapatite carrier
    Cleft Palate Craniofac J. (2020) 57:208–17.
  36. Brandt, L. et al.
    Tenogenic properties of mesenchymal progenitor cells are compromised in an inflammatory environment
    Int J Mol Sci. (2018) 19:2549.
  37. Blázquez, R. et al.
    Conditioned Serum Enhances the Chondrogenic and Immunomodulatory Behavior of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
    Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 28;10:699.
  38. Vilar, J. M. et al.
    Controlled, blinded force platform analysis of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells associated to PRGF-Endoret in osteoarthritic dogs
    BMC Vet Res (2013) 9:131.
  39. Yun, S. et al.
    Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma synergistically ameliorate the surgical-induced osteoarthritis in Beagle dogs
    J Orthop Surg Res (2016) 11:9.
  40. Fahie, M.A. et al.
    A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of autologous platelet therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs.
    J Am Vet Med Assoc (2013) 243(9):1291–7.
  41. Frontiers in Veterinary Science
    Stem Cells in Veterinary Medicine—Current State and Treatment Options
    Volume 7 – 2020.
  42. Bogers, S.H.
    Cell-Based Therapies for Joint Disease in Veterinary Medicine: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know.
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (2018).
  43. Hielm-Björkman, A.K. et al.
    Psychometric testing of the Helsinki chronic pain index by completion of a questionnaire in Finnish by owners of dogs with chronic signs of pain caused by osteoarthritis.
    Am J Vet Res (2009) 70(6), 727-734.
  44. Brown, D.C. et al.
    Ability of the canine brief pain inventory to detect response to treatment in dogs with osteoarthritis.
    JAVMA 233(8), 1278-1283 (2008).
  45. Wiseman-Orr, M.L. et al.
    Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life.
    Am J Vet Res (2006) 67(11), 1826-1836.
  46. Reid, J. et al.
    Development, validation and reliability of a web-based questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in dogs.
    Vet Sci (2016).
  47. Walton, M.B. et al.
    Evaluation of construct and criterion validity for the ‘Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs’ (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument and comparison to two other instruments.
    Vet J (2009).
  48. American Journal of Veterinary Research
    Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs.
    2004, 65(12):1634-43.
  49. Guest, D.J. et al.
    Position Statement: Minimal Criteria for Reporting Veterinary and Animal Medicine Research for Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Orthopedic Applications.
    Vet Surg (2014).
  50. Brown, D.C.
    The canine orthopedic index. Step 1: devising the items.
    Vet Surg (2014) 43:232–40.
  51. Yun, S. et al.
    Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma synergistically ameliorate the surgical-induced osteoarthritis in Beagle dogs.
    J Orthop Surg Res (2016) 11, 9.
  52. Upchurch, D.A. et al.
    Effects of administration of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction and platelet-rich plasma to dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints.
    Am J Vet Res (2016) 77(9):940-51.
  53. DeLuke, A.M. et al.
    Comparison of radiographic osteoarthritis scores in dogs less than 24 months or greater than 24 months following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
    Can Vet J (2012) 53(10):1095-9.
  54. Ondreka, N.
    Explanation of Grading According to IEWG and Discussion of Cases.
    World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2015.
  55. Cabon, Q. et al.
    Long-term safety and efficacy of single or repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic neonatal mesenchymal stromal cells for managing pain and lameness in moderate to severe canine osteoarthritis without anti-inflammatory pharmacological support: pilot clinical study.
    Front Vet Sci (2019) 6:10.
  56. Clough, W.T. et al.
    Sensitivity and specificity of a weight distribution platform for the detection of objective lameness and orthopaedic disease.
    Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol (2018) 31:391–5.
  57. Davies, V. et al.
    Optimising outputs from a validated online instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQL) in dogs.
    PLoS ONE (2019) 14:e0221869.
  58. Clough, W.T. et al.
    Sensitivity and Specificity of a Weight Distribution Platform for the Detection of Objective Lameness and Orthopaedic Disease.
    Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol (2018) 31(6):391-395.
  59. Hudson, J.T. et al.
    Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs.
    Am J Vet Res (2004) 65(12), 1634–1643.
  60. Moreau, M. et al.
    Kinetic measurements of gait for osteoarthritis research in dogs and cats.
    Can Vet J (2014) 55(11):1057-65.
  61. Brown, D.C. et al.
    Comparison of Force Plate Gait Analysis and Owner Assessment of Pain Using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.
    J Vet Intern Med (2013) 27: 22-30.
  62. Budsberg, S.C. et al.
    Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs.
    Am J Vet Res (1987) 48(6):915-8.
  63. Haeusler, K. et al.
    Kinetic and temporospatial gait parameters in dogs: reproducibility of an instrumented pressure-sensitive canine treadmill.
    Vet J (2020).
  64. Kujala, M.V. et al.
    Comparison of activity trackers in estimating canine behaviors.
    Advanced Robotics (2024) 38(14), 934–946.
  65. Fox, E.A. et al.
    Evaluation of a method to measure the ratio of pelvic limb to thoracic limb girth in dogs.
    Veterinary Evidence (2023) 8(4).
  66. Jaegger, G. et al.
    Reliability of goniometry in Labrador Retrievers.
    Am J Vet Res (2002) 63:979–86.
  67. Sabanci, S.S. & Ocal, M.K.
    Comparison of goniometric measurements of the stifle joint in seven breeds of normal dogs.
    Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol (2016) 29:214–9.
  68. Thomovsky, S.A. et al.
    Goniometry and limb girth in miniature Dachshunds.
    J Vet Med (2016) 2016:5846052.
  69. Formenton, M.R. et al.
    Goniometric assessment in French bulldogs.
    Front Vet Sci (2019) 6:424.
  70. Armitage, A.J. et al.
    Efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stromal cell treatment for chronic degenerative musculoskeletal conditions in dogs: A retrospective study.
    Front Vet Sci (2023) 9.
  71. Clarke, E. et al.
    Effect of sedation or general anesthesia on elbow goniometry and thoracic limb circumference measurements in dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis.
    Vet Surg (2020) 49:1428–36.
  72. Alves, J.C. et al.
    A randomized double-blinded controlled trial on the effects of photobiomodulation therapy in dogs with osteoarthritis.
    Am J Vet Res (2022) 83:8.
  73. Skangals, U.
    Stem cell therapy in the treatment of elbow joint osteoarthritis in dogs.
    Eur J Vet Med (2022) 2:1–8.
  74. Textor, J.
    Autologous biologic treatment for equine musculoskeletal injuries: platelet-rich plasma and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein.
    Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract (2011) 27(2):275–98.
  75. Franklin, S.P. et al.
    Comparison of platelet-rich plasma, stromal vascular fraction (SVF), or SVF with an injectable PLGA nanofiber scaffold for the treatment of osteochondral injury in dogs.
    J Knee Surg (2018) 31:686-697.
  76. Charitos, I.A. et al.
    Stem Cells: A Historical Review about Biological, Religious, and Ethical Issues.
    Stem Cells Int (2021).
  77. Miller, J. et al.
    Effect of a dog’s age on stem cell culture times and efficacy outcomes in dogs with osteoarthritis treated with intra-articular injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells.
    BSAVA Congress Proceedings (2018).
  78. Sasaki, D. C., Teixeira, B. L., Jeremias, T. D. S., et al.
    Administration of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue at the hip joint of dogs with osteoarthritis: a systematic review.
    Res Vet Sci (2021) 135:495-503.
  79. Sanghani-Kerai, A. et al.
    Clinical outcomes following intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs characterized by weight-bearing asymmetry.
    Bone Joint Res (2021) 10:650–8.
  80. Moloney, M.
    In dogs with osteoarthritis, is intra-articular allogenic mesenchymal stem cell therapy more effective than placebo effect?
    Vet Evid (2022) 7(3).
  81. Vilar, J.M. et al.
    Effect of intraarticular inoculation of mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with hip osteoarthritis by means of objective force platform gait analysis: concordance with numeric subjective scoring scales.
    BMC Vet Res (2016) 12:1-10.
  82. Marx, C. et al.
    Acupoint injection of autologous stromal vascular fraction and allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells to treat hip dysplasia in dogs.
    Stem Cells Int (2014) 2014:391274.
  83. Cuervo, B. et al.
    Hip osteoarthritis in dogs: a randomized study using mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and plasma rich in growth factors.
    Int J Mol Sci (2014) 15(8):13437-60.
  84. Srzentić Dražilov, S. et al.
    The use of canine mesenchymal stem cells for the autologous treatment of osteoarthritis.
    Acta Vet Hung (2018) 66:376-389.
  85. Black, L. et al.
    Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial.
    Vet Ther (2007).
  86. de Bakker, E. et al.
    Canine mesenchymal stem cells: state of the art, perspectives as therapy for dogs and as a model for man.
    Vet Q (2013).
  87. Shah, K. et al.
    Outcome of Allogeneic Adult Stem Cell Therapy in Dogs Suffering from Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Defects.
    Stem Cells Int (2018).
  88. Mohoric, L. et al.
    Blinded placebo study of bilateral osteoarthritis treatment using adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells.
    Slov Vet Res (2016) 53(3):167-174.
  89. Kriston-Pál, É. et al.
    Characterization and therapeutic application of canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells to treat elbow osteoarthritis.
    Can Vet Res (2017) 81:73-78.
  90. Olsson, D.C. et al.
    Administration of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue at the hip joint of dogs with osteoarthritis: A systematic review.
    Res Vet Sci (2021) 135:495-503.
  91. Brondeel, C. et al.
    Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Canine Osteoarthritis Research: “Experientia Docet” (Experience Will Teach Us).
    Front Vet Sci (2021) 8.
  92. Cuervo, B. et al.
    Hip osteoarthritis in dogs: a randomized study using mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and plasma rich in growth factors.
    Int J Mol Sci (2014) 15(8):13437–60.
  93. Cabon, Q. et al.
    Long‐term safety and efficacy of single or repeated intra‐articular injection of allogeneic neonatal mesenchymal stromal cells for managing pain and lameness in moderate to severe canine osteoarthritis without anti‐inflammatory pharmacological support: pilot clinical study.
    Front Vet Sci (2019) 6:10.
  94. Jiang, P. et al.
    Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell injections for patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis and review of RCTs.
    Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (2021).
  95. Ma, W. et al.
    Efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Medicine (2020) 99:49.
  96. Gugjoo, M.B. et al.
    Mesenchymal stem cell basic research and applications in dog medicine.
    J Cell Physiol (2019) 234:16779–811.
  97. Mocchi, M. et al.
    Veterinary regenerative medicine for musculoskeletal disorders: can mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their secretome be the new frontier?
    Cells (2020) 9:1453.
  98. Wits, M.I. et al.
    Combining canine mesenchymal stromal cells and hyaluronic acid for cartilage repair.
    Genet Mol Biol (2020) 43:1.
  99. Yoon, H.-Y. et al.
    Long-term follow-up after implantation of autologous adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells to treat a dog with stifle joint osteoarthrosis.
    J Vet Clin (2012) 29:82–6.
  100. Tsai S-Y, Huang Y-C, Chueh L-L, Yeh L-S, Lin C-S.
    Intra-articular transplantation of porcine adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis: a pilot study
    World J Transplant. (2014) 4:196.
  101. Ullah M, Liu DD, Thakor AS.
    Mesenchymal stromal cell homing: mechanisms and strategies for improvement
    iScience. (2019) 15:421.
  102. Olsen A, Johnson V, Webb T, Santangelo KS, Dow S, Duerr FM.
    Evaluation of intravenously delivered allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of elbow osteoarthritis in dogs: a pilot study
    Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. (2019) 32:173–81.
  103. Mokbel A, El-Tookhy O, Shamaa A, Sabry D, Rashed L, Mostafa A.
    Homing and efficacy of intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in experimental chondral defects in dogs
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. (2011) 29:275–84.
  104. Mokbel AN, El Tookhy OS, Shamaa AA, Rashed LA, Sabry D, El Sayed AM.
    Homing and reparative effect of intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic animal model
    BMC Musculoskelet Disord. (2011) 12:259.
  105. Mund SJ, Kawamura E, Awang-Junaidi AH, Campbell J, Wobeser B, MacPhee DJ, et al.
    Homing and engraftment of intravenously administered equine cord blood-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells to surgically created cutaneous wound in horses: a pilot project
    Cells. (2020) 9:1162.
  106. Ueda S, Shimasaki M, Ichiseki T, Ueda Y, Tsuchiya M, Kaneuji A, et al.
    Prevention of glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis by intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model
    BMC Musculoskelet Disord. (2017) 18:480.
  107. Duan X, Zhu X, Dong X, Yang J, Huang F, Cen S, et al.
    Repair of large osteochondral defects in a beagle model with a novel type I collagen/glycosaminoglycan-porous titanium biphasic scaffold
    Mater Sci Eng C. (2013) 33:3951–7.
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    Evaluation of an extracellular matrix-derived acellular biphasic scaffold/cell construct in the repair of a large articular high-load-bearing osteochondral defect in a canine model
    Chin Med J. (2011) 124:3930–8.
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    Xenoimplantation of an extracellular-matrix-derived, biphasic, cell-scaffold construct for repairing a large femoral-head high-load-bearing osteochondral defect in a canine model
    Sci World J. (2014) 2014:127084.
  110. Kim YS, Kwon OR, Choi YJ, Suh DS, Heo DB, Koh YG.
    Comparative matched-pair analysis of the injection versus implantation of mesenchymal stem cells for knee osteoarthritis
    Am J Sports Med. (2015) 43:2738–46.
  111. Molsa SH, Hyytiainen HK, Hielm-Bjorkman AK, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM.
    Long-term functional outcome after surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs
    BMC Vet Res. (2014) 10:266.
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    Questions and Answers on Allogeneic Stem Cell-Based Products for Veterinary Use: Specific Questions on Extraneous Agents. (2019).
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    Review of Caplan (1991) on cell-based therapeutic technology using Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Journal of ISAKOS, Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2024, Pages 426-430.
  118. Hsu WK, Mishra A, Rodeo SR, Fu F, Terry MA, Randelli P, et al.
    Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic applications: evidence-based recommendations for treatment
    J Am Acad Orthop Surg. (2013) 21:739–48.
  119. McLellan J, Plevin S.
    Does it matter which platelet-rich plasma we use?
    Equine Vet Educ. (2011) 23(2):101–4.
  120. Pelletier MH, Malhotra A, Brighton T, Walsh WR, Underman R.
    Platelet function and constituents of platelet rich plasma
    Int J Sports Med. (2013) 34:74–80.
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    Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing: Mechanisms and Strategies for Improvement
    iScience. 2019 May 31;15:421-438.
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Further reading

  1. Riordan.
    Stem cell therapy, a rising tide, 2017.
  2. Pye C, Clark N, Bruniges N, Peffers M, Comerford E.
    Current evidence for non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of canine osteoarthritis.
    First published: 29 September 2023.
  3. Guercio A, Marco P, Casella S, Cannella V, Russotto L, Purpari G, et al.
    Production of canine mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and their application in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the humeroradial joints.
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